Peptide bioregulators and their application: from neonatology to gerontology

Peptides - what are they? These are parts of proteins consisting of amino acids connected in chains of different lengths. The size of the connection depends on the number of links. Science knows of peptides containing from 2 to 40 amino acids. They have different purposes and special uses in medicine.

All cells synthesize amino acids, which are then combined into peptide bonds. Peptides can also be formed as a result of exchange between interacting cells.

The uniqueness of the substances under consideration lies in their organ-specific characteristics - these compounds are individual for each organ, and can only be used purposefully. Thus, using pulmonary peptides to treat, for example, the heart is pointless. However, with consistently long courses of administration, it is possible to use amino acids formed as a result of the natural breakdown of specific stable compounds to form other necessary peptides. This explains why there are no overdoses with course doses, and stimulation of specific organs with biopeptides has a good effect on neighboring ones.

All known peptides are organic substances, even those produced by synthesis. Features of the technological production of peptides consist of two stages:

1. Obtaining amino acids;

2. Connecting them into stable chains.

Thus, the recently appeared term is quite justified - biopeptides, which include short peptides (they contain 2-8 amino acids and are obtained by synthesis).

As studies have shown, in “their” organs, peptides trigger restoration and rejuvenating processes that affect life expectancy and human health in general. The productive work of individual elements of any organ predetermines the high-quality functioning of the entire system. At the same time, malfunctions of cells lead to the development of tissue pathologies. In addition to the functions of ensuring organ renewal, scientists have established the important role of peptides in the formation of immune protection of cells from unfavorable external factors.

Such properties are manifested in the effective fight of peptides against the consequences of addictions, toxic and radioactive injuries, rehabilitation after various diseases - infectious, colds, immune and even nervous. By forming long peptide bonds, certain types of biopeptides independently fight pathogenic bacteria, being one of the factors in building the immune defense of the biosystem.

The beneficial effect of peptides on increasing the body’s resistance to adverse environmental factors was noticed by scientists at the beginning of the 20th century, which made it possible to consider the study of these substances of small molecular structure in the light of the development of research not only in the direction of increasing life expectancy, but also with the aim of increasing human adaptive qualities to the environment and to stimulate an increase in resource capacity for endurance.

Peptide bioregulators

Peptides - what are they?

Initially, peptides were isolated from animal organs. This technology has been developed for several decades and received its final design in the hands of St. Petersburg scientists. It was they who, in the 70s of the 20th century, began to obtain tissue-specific peptides capable of restoring cellular metabolism in certain organs and systems to an optimal level - precisely those from which they were isolated. Long-term observations subsequently made it possible to create special-purpose drugs—peptide bioregulators.

They are effective in restoring the protective functions of the body, which in the future provides enormous benefits in the treatment of a wide range of diseases, as well as for regenerating the working capabilities of a number of systems.

These drugs have long been used to restore the immune system at the cellular level, which is important for almost all diseases, including cancer. They are used to regulate the neuroendocrine system, stimulate the prostate gland, in the treatment of neurological diseases, bronchopulmonary and cardiovascular systems, organs of vision and systems responsible for cleansing the body, such as the kidneys and liver.

Diseases

Peptides - what are they? This is the building material of the cell. Their presence in free form in the intercellular and intracellular space provides opportunities for the constant presence of resources for renewal, division and restoration of cellular structures. For many years in developed countries, peptides have been used in the treatment of various diseases of a traumatic, infectious, age-related nature.

For example, every year more and more discoveries are made in the field of peptide research, making it possible to turn on organ renewal mechanisms, prolonging human life and its quality.

What is being treated with peptides now?

rehabilitation after strokes and heart attacks;
bronchopulmonary diseases - asthma, bronchitis, COPD, respiratory infections;
nervous diseases associated with deep damage to the functions of the central peripheral nervous system;
recovery from mechanical injuries;
eye diseases associated with age-related pathologies;
type 2 diabetes mellitus;
cystitis, prostatitis;
normalization of the male reproductive system, including reproductive function.

This is not a complete list. But it is sufficient to pay serious attention to the inclusion of peptides in systemic prevention and complex therapy, as irreplaceable nano-elements that stimulate tissue renewal.

How safe are peptides for humans?

Peptides - what kind of substances are they? These are organic compounds that are as close as possible to the human body at the cellular level:

peptides do not have the ability to intoxicate the body if they accumulate excessively in systems that are targeted by therapy; they quickly decompose into amino acids and are used again by the body, or participate in new acts of synthesis;
peptides are completely safe, as they are natural elements of the cell;
peptides are effective in preventing the occurrence of diseases, neutralizing their causes;
no side effects were identified during clinical trials, therefore peptide bioregulators can be used for absolutely all categories of patients;
The main contraindications for the use of peptides may be individual intolerance and pregnancy, for which the effect has not been studied.

Practice and results of use

Peptides - what are they? These are drugs widely used in various branches of medicine.

Clinical studies of regulatory peptides took place in the eighties of the 20th century in the practice of military doctors. An example of their successful use was the treatment of people injured as a result of the Chernobyl accident. The main identified effect is radioprotection, which allows them to be used for the prevention and treatment of radiation injuries.
Separate studies of the effects of peptides on the body of employees of the Gazprom corporation (2009) made it possible to establish the high effectiveness of the drugs in the treatment and prevention of acute respiratory infections. In general, over the year, the incidence rate decreased by a record 2.3 times, while simultaneously improving the condition of patients with low levels of immunity. More than 9,000 people took part in the studies.
Peptides were also used in studies conducted with a very eminent group of patients at the Kremlin Hospital. The excellent results achieved as a result of the treatment of a variety of diseases made it possible to resolve the issue of financing the production program under the auspices of the “Health of the Nation”.
The use of regulatory peptides by athletes is a special topic. Few people know how effective regulatory peptides are in increasing the level of endurance of the body. But the excellent results of Russian sports teams in artistic gymnastics and figure skating give the right to recommend these drugs to all people with high physical and psycho-emotional stress. Moreover, peptides help protect the body from exhaustion caused by excessive loads of any nature.

Peptide bioregulators and their application: from neonatology to gerontology

The peptide drug Cortexin, which is a complex of natural low-molecular compounds from the brain of animals (a highly purified extract of nuclear proteins), continues to be one of the most widely discussed pharmacological agents in periodical medical press. At the same time, two aspects attract attention: firstly, the use of Cortexin by representatives of various medical specialties (multidisciplinary in the intended use of the drug), and secondly, the absence of age restrictions on its use. In the modern pharmacopoeia there are not too many similar drugs that do not have age-related contraindications and restrictions on use. Therefore, Cortexin, rightly called the “drug of the 21st century,” deserves more detailed consideration [1].

Categorization and composition of Cortexin

As you know, Cortexin belongs to the pharmacological group 9.7 (“Nootropics (neurometabolic stimulants)”). According to the ATC system (anatomical-therapeutic-chemical) classification, the drug belongs to the heading N06BX (“Other psychostimulants and nootropic drugs”). Among the x-class peptide drugs (cytogens, cytamins, cytomedins), Cortexin belongs to the cytomedins, which are a highly purified extract of nuclear proteins (fractions 1–10 kDa) and are characterized by a proven property of regulating immunological reactivity [2]. Cortexin is an innovative peptide drug; its substance and dosage forms are protected by patents of the Russian Federation (RF No. 2104702, 2275924, 2195297) and other countries.

Cortexin is a multicomponent drug, the composition of which is not limited to neuropeptide substances. In addition to neuropeptides, Cortexin ingredients are represented by no less than three groups of substances: amino acids, vitamins and minerals. There is reason to believe that the positive effects of the drug are explained not only by the action of amino acids and polypeptides, but also by the neurochemical activity of macro- and microelements and vitamins [3, 4].

In particular, Cortexin peptides contain at least two stimulating amino acids - aspartic acid (446 nmol/mg) and glycine (298 nmol/mg). In addition to the above-mentioned aspartic acid and glycine, Cortexin contains the following amino acids:

threonine (212 nmol/mg);
serine (268 nmol/mg);
glutamic acid (581 nmol/mg);
proline (187 nmol/mg);
alanine (346 nmol/mg);
valine (240 nmol/mg);
isoleucine (356 nmol/mg);
tyrosine (109 nmol/mg);
phenylalanine (162 nmol/mg);
histidine (116 nmol/mg);
lysine (253 nmol/mg);
arginine and other amino acids (202 nmol/mg).

From the information presented it follows that aspartic acid accounts for up to 12%, and glutamic acid - about 15% of the total amino acid content in Cortexin peptides. The drug does not contain methionine. In addition, the stabilizer of the drug is the free amino acid glycine (12 mg), the role of which in normalizing the functions of the cerebral cortex has been proven many times.

Cortexin contains a number of vitamins, in particular water-soluble ones: thiamine (vitamin B1) - 0.08 mcg/10 mg, riboflavin (vitamin B2) - 0.03 mcg/10 mg, niacin (vitamin B3, vitamin PP, nicotinic acid) - 0.05 mcg/10 mg; as well as fat-soluble: retinol (vitamin A) - 0.011 mcg/10 mg, alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) - 0.007 mcg/10 mg. We must admit frankly that this vitamin composition is optimal for the neurons of the brain, as it is perfectly balanced by nature!

In addition to the five essential vitamins, Cortexin contains many minerals (macro- and microelements):

copper (Cu): 0.2129 µg/10 mg;
iron (Fe): 2.26 µg/10 mg;
Calcium (Ca): 22.93 µg/10 mg;
magnesium (Mg): 8.5 µg/10 mg;
potassium (K): 19.83 µg/10 mg;
sodium (Na): 643.2 µg/10 mg;
sulfur (S): 152.65 µg/10 mg;
phosphorus (P): 91.95 µg/10 mg;
zinc (Zn): 4.73 µg/10 mg;
molybdenum (Mb): 0.0203 µg/10 mg;
cobalt (Co): 0.0044 µg/10 mg;
manganese (Mn): 0.0061 µg/10 mg;
selenium (Se): 0.0745 µg/10 mg;
aluminum (Al): 0.3104 µg/10 mg;
lithium (Li): 0.0340 µg/10 mg [4].

Almost all of the listed mineral substances that make up the Cortexin drug have neuromodulatory and other functions.

Traditional and new areas of application of Cortexin

Cortexin is used not only in the Russian Federation. It is registered and used in countries such as Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Moldova (the use of Cortexin in all cases was preceded by preclinical and clinical examination).

The most important property of Cortexin, which determines the areas of its use, is considered to be the correction of cognitive functions, but the cognitive-modulating effect of the drug is far from the only one. The nootropic, neurotrophic, anticonvulsant, immunomodulatory (immunoregulatory) and neuroprotective effects of the drug, as well as its anti-stress, antioxidant and metabolic effects are described. In connection with the latter, I would like to especially note Cortexin’s ability to normalize the metabolism of neurotransmitters and regulate the balance of activating/inhibitory amino acids.

Therefore, over the past 10 years, Cortexin has been actively used by Russian doctors in various fields of clinical medicine (neurology, pediatrics, ophthalmology, gerontology, etc.): for traumatic brain injuries, neuroinfections, cerebral palsy (CP), perinatal nerve damage systems, disorders (delay) of psychomotor and speech development, thinking disorders, reduced learning ability, neurotic disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), burnout syndrome, autonomic dysfunction, hypertensive angioretinopathy, glaucoma, diabetic neuropathy, amblyopia, etc. d. [1–6].

It should be noted that new areas of application are being discovered for the drug Cortexin. Thus, Bochkova L. G. and Nosova O. M. (2008) report on the experience of using Cortexin in the treatment of natal cervical injury in newborns, Kamenskikh T. G. et al. (2006) - in the treatment of partial optic nerve atrophy (PANA), Utaganova G. Kh. (2010) - in the correction of cervical spondylogenic lesions in young children [7–9].

Cortexin is actively used in gerontology (cerebrovascular accidents, asthenic conditions, encephalopathy of various origins, etc.) [10]. Suffice it to recall that the drug was first introduced into clinical practice by employees of the Military Medical Academy (on the battlefields in Afghanistan [16, 17]), and then by employees of the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology of the Northwestern Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. According to Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Prof. Khavinson V.Kh., who is the vice-president of the Gerontological Society of the Russian Academy of Sciences, “the use of peptide drugs makes it possible to effectively prevent premature aging, as well as treat diseases associated with age...”.

The use of Cortexin for migraine, recommended by Pak L.A. et al. (2005, 2006, 2008), Izzati-Zadeh K. F. et al. (2006), etc., has already become firmly established in the practice of Russian neurologists dealing with this group of primary cephalgia [11–14]. It is indicated that during a migraine attack, Cortexin stabilizes platelet membranes, inhibits the development of the “serotonin cascade,” suppresses neuronal cortical depression of Leo, reduces neurogenic inflammation of the vessels of the dura mater of the brain, suppresses the release of neuropeptides of pain and inflammation from perivascular afferent fibers of the trigeminal nerve [14].

Preliminary studies by the staff of the Scientific Center for Children's Diseases of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences suggest that in the near future Cortexin will be used as a means for correcting various forms of neurological deficits accompanying certain types of food intolerance (celiac disease, lactase deficiency, etc.) in childhood, and subsequently in adult patients. But perhaps most impressive is the drug's potential use in the treatment of epilepsy.

Cortexin and epilepsy

Epilepsy therapy is a relatively recent indication for the use of Cortexin. The use of Cortexin in the complex treatment of various forms of epilepsy is reported in the works of Guzeva V. I. and Trubacheva A. N. (2003), Golovkin V. I. (2005, 2006) and Zvonkova N. G. (2006) [15–18 ]. Khorshev S.K. et al. (2002, 2008) consider Cortexin as a corrector of the neuroimmune component of epileptogenesis and, based on data from their own biochemical and neuroimmunophysiological studies, recommend this neuropeptide drug for the preventive treatment of epilepsy [19, 20]. The effectiveness of Cortexin in the treatment of epilepsy in children and adults is discussed in the publications of Tsygan V.N. et al. (2008) and Fedunova G.V. et al. (2008) [21, 22]. The need for correction of cognitive impairment with nootropic drugs for epilepsy is indicated by S. V. Balkanskaya et al. (2007, 2008) and Kalinin V.V. et al. (2009) [23–25]. It is Cortexin that plays an important role in this regard.

Finally, in April 2010, at the XVII Russian National Congress “Man and Medicine”, with the support, a symposium “Neuroprotection in the treatment of epilepsy” was held (chaired by Prof. A. B. Gekht). During the work of this symposium, the speakers (Kalinin V.V., Kalacheva I.O., Odintsova G.V.) reflected both theoretical aspects and their own experience of using the drug Cortexin in the treatment of epilepsy in children and adult patients.

In particular, at the Brain Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (N. Yu. Koroleva and G. V. Odintsova) there is a positive experience of using Cortexin in 8,000 patients, and, as A. B. Gekht noted, this institution receives “far from the mildest patients "

It is possible that in the future Cortexin will find wide use in the preventive treatment of febrile seizures (FS), which is the most common chronic disorder of cerebral functions in children.

Cortexin for children - a new form of neuropeptide drug

A new form of the drug called “Cortexin for Children” was registered in the Russian Federation on April 27, 2009 [26].

Cortexin for children is a lyophilisate for preparing a solution for intramuscular administration. 1 bottle (3 ml capacity) contains 5 mg of Cortexin (a complex of water-soluble polypeptide fractions with a molecular weight of not more than 10,000 Da) instead of 10 mg present in the standard form of the drug Cortexin, as well as 6 mg of glycine as a stabilizer.

In fact, Cortexin for children is almost the only example where a nootropic drug is targeted specifically for pediatric patients. It is expected that the new form of the peptide drug (Cortexin for children) will be in demand and will find wide application both in Russia and abroad.

What the “Formular System” is silent about

Previously, we have repeatedly pointed out that in the “Formular System” of Russia there is not even a mention of Cortexin [2, 4, 6]. We have to admit that in the XI issue (2010) of this annually updated publication there is no information about Cortexin again [27]. This is all the more strange when even the Internet encyclopedia Wikipedia provides data on this “pharmacopoeial polypeptide bioregulator with biological activity.”

The composition of Cortexin in the “Register of Medicines” (2010) is presented as follows: “in 1 bottle Cortexin - 10 mg, glycine - 12 mg” (glycine present in the drug simultaneously acts as a stabilizer) [28]. In the Vidal Reference (2010), the composition of Cortexin is described even more succinctly: “a complex of polypeptide fractions isolated from the cerebral cortex of cattle and pigs - 10 mg” [29]. In fact, as stated above, the ingredients are much more numerous.

We will try to present information about Cortexin using a form similar to that typically used in the Federal Drug Administration Guidelines.

Cortexin. A peptide preparation representing a complex of low molecular weight peptides isolated from the cerebral cortex of cattle (calves) and pigs under 12 months of age. To isolate the drug, the acetic acid extraction method is used. In order to obtain a fraction of polypeptides with a molecular weight not exceeding 10,000 Da (10 kDa), the resulting extract is subjected to multi-stage purification and repeated filtration on special filters. Purification of the active substance of Cortexin ensures the infectious and antigenic safety of the drug (the absence of infectious agents, nucleic acids, amyloids, functionally active pro-oncogenes and other undesirable impurities).

Cortexin has pronounced metabolic activity: normalization of neurotransmitter metabolism; regulation of the balance of inhibitory/activating amino acids and levels of serotonin and dopamine; GABAergic action; antioxidant effect; normalization of bioelectrical activity (BEA) of the brain. Possessing a pronounced tissue-specific effect on the cells of the cerebral cortex, this neuropeptide drug has cerebroprotective, nootropic, neurotrophic), neurometabolic, stimulating, anti-stress, antioxidant, anticonvulsant and immunoregulatory effects.

Indications. Traumatic brain injury (TBI), cerebrovascular accidents (CVA - acute and chronic), neuroinfections (viral and bacterial), asthenic conditions, encephalopathies of various origins, encephalitis (acute and chronic) and encephalomyelitis, epilepsy, various forms of cerebral palsy, critical conditions newborns with perinatal damage to the nervous system (PPNS), disturbances of psychomotor and speech development, disturbances (decrease) in memory and thinking; disorders of other cognitive functions (CF), headaches of various origins, etc.

Contraindications. Individual intolerance to the drug, pregnancy, lactation.

Side effects. When used according to indications, no side effects of Cortexin were identified.

Interaction. Drug interactions between Cortexin and other drugs have not been described.

Doses and application. The drug is prescribed intramuscularly for children weighing up to 20 kg at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, and for children weighing more than 20 kg at a dose of 10 mg. The duration of treatment with Cortexin is usually 10 days. If necessary, a repeat course is provided after 1–6 (usually 3–6) months.

The contents of 1 bottle are dissolved in 1–2 ml of 0.5% novocaine solution, water for injection or 0.9% isotonic NaCl solution.

Cortexin. Lyophilized powder (lyophilisate) or porous mass of white/white color with a yellowish tint - for the preparation of a solution for intramuscular administration (vial), 1 ml (1 ml = 10 mg).

Cortexin for children. Lyophilisate for the preparation of solution for intramuscular administration (vial), 3 ml (5 mg).

* * *

In the new English-language scientific journal The Open Neuropsychopharmacology Journal, published since 2008 in the Netherlands, at the end of 2009 a joint publication of Russian and Italian scientists appeared (Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, L'Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome), dedicated to the use of the drug Cortexin and its effect on cognitive functions and behavioral reactions (under experimental conditions).

In particular, Adriani W. et al. (2009) report a confirmed anxiolytic effect of Cortexin, while emphasizing the activity of the drug when used in small doses and the absence of adverse reactions when used for medicinal purposes [30]. Such publications indicate not only the effectiveness of the neuropeptide bioregulator Cortexin from the standpoint of evidence-based medicine, but also the international recognition of this Russian drug.

The tissue specificity and high bioavailability of Cortexin determine an ever-increasing range of possibilities for the use of this drug in the treatment of patients, from the neonatal period to old age.

The reality of today's pharmacology is that there is actually a very meager list of drugs approved for use in children, and in this regard, the high therapeutic properties of Cortexin make it the drug of choice.

Literature

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Studenikin V. M. Use of the drug Cortexin in neuropediatrics // Med. messenger 2006. No. 37 (380). P. 14.
Shabalov N. P., Platonova T. N., Skoromets A. P. Cortexin in neuropediatrics. Method. rec. St. Petersburg 2006. 64 p.
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Studenikin V.M., Pak L.A., Shelkovsky V.I. et al. About the experience and prospects of using a domestic neuropeptide drug in pediatric neurology // Lech. Doctor. 2009. No. 5. pp. 42–45.
Bochkova L. G., Nosova O. M. Nootropic and neuroprotective therapy for newborns with natal cervical trauma // Perinatology and Pediatrics. 2008. No. 1. P. 32–34.
Kamenskikh T. G., Bashkatov A. N., Tuchin V. V. et al. Clinical and experimental rationale for the use of the drug “Cortexin” in the treatment of partial optic nerve atrophy // Russian Med. and. 2006. No. 4. pp. 147–150.
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Balkanskaya S.V., Studenikin V.M., Kuzenkova L.M. et al. Cognitive impairments and their correction in children with epilepsy // Pediatric Practice. 2008. No. 3. pp. 24–27.
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V. M. Studenikin , Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor L. A. Pak , Candidate of Medical Sciences S. Sh. Tursunkhuzhaeva V. I. Shelkovsky , Candidate of Medical Sciences S. V. Balkanskaya , Candidate of Medical Sciences

SCCD RAMS, Moscow

Contact information for authors for correspondence

What exactly are peptides useful for?

Among the substances necessary for the body, stable chains of amino acids play a special role. After all, they are building materials for cells, and renewal processes in the body occur constantly. Due to the wear and tear of a number of organs, which is largely due to the fault of technogenic human activity that disrupts and rapidly changes the environment, the synthesis of amino acids and their combination into chains seriously slows down with age. What are these peptides? These are those compounds that are obtained by combining amino acids by joining them to each other.

Old age comes gradually - by reducing the activity of individual organs in the production of material that renews them. This is so noticeable that it even manifests itself in the form of changes in the skin - they wrinkle, sag, lose elasticity, become dry and lifeless. We cannot see what is happening to our organs at this time, and we do not have the opportunity to compare the heart of a 20-year-old boy and a 40-year-old man. But there are differences and they are very significant.

Old age spares no one. And it can especially affect people who are exposed to stress, whose lives involve heavy physical exertion, or who live and work in difficult climatic and environmental conditions. This is the answer to the question why athletes do not live long. They simply wear out their body prematurely.

This does not mean that sport is harmful. This means that when doing it, you need to be especially careful about nutrition issues. It must include all the elements necessary for the full passage of intracellular reactions. As a rule, even people belonging to the elite parts of bourgeois societies do not have ideal nutrition. Although the representatives of this environment have it much better than any other ordinary person.

Unlike vitamins, coenzymes, and other organic and inorganic elements that supply the body with reagents that improve the passage of biochemical reactions, peptides are ready-made parts of cells. They themselves are food.

Semax

(Semax, CAS 80714-61-0) belongs to the group of neuropeptides and is used as a nootropic drug. The molecule of this peptide includes seven amino acid residues: Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro (MEHFPGP), which is reflected in the name - from the abbreviation. "seven amino acids"

The drug Semax was developed and obtained by Russian scientists under the leadership of academician. I.P. Ashmarin (Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, formerly the Research Institute of Molecular Genetics of the USSR Academy of Sciences) [3]. Research on the drug has been conducted since 1982 for more than ten years. In the 1980s–90s. preclinical experiments on animals were carried out many times; in 1990–1994 – phase I clinical trials and in 1994–1996. – phase II, and then the peptide entered medical practice [4]. On the territory of the Russian Federation, Semax in the form of nasal drops is registered as a medicinal product belonging to the pharmacotherapeutic group of nootropic drugs, according to the anatomical therapeutic chemical classification - “other psychostimulants and nootropic drugs” (code N06BX), and is included in the “Vital and Essential Medicines” drugs" [5]. Semax is prescribed as part of complex therapy in the acute period of moderate and severe ischemic stroke [6]. In addition, Semax is prescribed by practicing doctors for the treatment of hereditary degenerative diseases (Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea) and chronic cerebral circulatory failure caused by cerebral atherosclerosis [7].

Semax (30 mg)

Semax is characterized by a unique mechanism of neurospecific effects on the central nervous system. However, its exact description is still not given, although some evidence is known that Semax acts on melanocortin receptors. Thus, it was reported that the peptide acts as an antagonist of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in relation to melanocortin receptors MC4 and MC5 [8-10]. The drug affects the activation and expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which promotes neuronal development, and trkB, a receptor that increases the survival of neurons [11].

Semax in its structure is a synthetic analogue of corticotropin, which has antihypoxic, antioxidant, neuroprotective and psychostimulating effects, but, unlike natural closely related compounds, does not exhibit hormonal activity [12]. Semax shows virtually no toxicity in various regimens of use, and has an effect similar in effectiveness to piracetam (nootropil) when used in a dose ~6 thousand times less than the latter [7]. Let us note that the term “nootropics” (Greek nους – mind + τροπή – desire, affinity) or “smart drugs” (English: “smart medicines”) is usually used to designate a variety of drugs that act on cognitive functions and correct cognitive disorders [13].

Semax peptide is a synthetic analogue of a fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone, namely the ACTH4-10 fragment. In humans and rodents, ACTH stimulates cognitive functions [11] and controls the production of glucocorticoids, adrenal hormones - cortisone, cortisol, corticosterone, regulates the level of androgens, estrogens, progesterone [14]. The bioavailability of Semax is high, especially when administered intranasally - it penetrates the blood-brain barrier (GERD) in four minutes, and the effects last for about a day with a single dose of 15-50 mcg/kg: cerebral circulation, attention and short-term memory improve, resistance to hypoxia increases) [11, 15, 16]. This is explained by the gradual degradation of the peptide, since the half-life products retain biological activity; a significant part of the biological effects of the drug is retained in its degradation products. The longest-living tripeptide is Pro-Gly-Pro, which is especially resistant to proteolysis [15]. Thus, Semax can be considered as a stabilized peptide ACTH4-7 + Pro-Gly-Pro.

Currently, research into the biological activity and new possible applications of Semax continues. The drug became the basis for the development of a series of analogues. One of these drugs was Selank (Selank, CAS 129954-34-3),

Tuftsin, Selank and analogues. Immunity, anti-stress, libido

nootropic peptide Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, developed under the guidance of academician. N.F. Myasoedov at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences [17], but is a synthetically modified short fragment of the heavy chain of immunoglobulin IgG, extended and stabilized, like Semax, by introducing the Pro-Gly-Pro sequence. In addition, Semax derivatives, for example, Acetyl Semax, are in the early stages of research [18].

Semax and its analogues. N-Acetyl-Semax and Semax-Amide

Youth elixir

Biopeptides are a real storehouse of health and youth. If the body stops producing them, it begins to gradually shut down the organs and death occurs. It turns out that even people leading an absolutely healthy lifestyle are not immune from early death caused by age-related diseases.

Today, diseases that signal the onset of old age include: cardiovascular diseases, disorders of the endocrine system, decreased production of certain functional hormones, type 2 diabetes mellitus, pulmonary diseases caused by long-term intoxication by bad habits and poor working conditions.

And all these diseases are not a death sentence if organs that are beginning to “give up” are “fed.” Any health problems make themselves felt first as temporary, then frequent, and then permanent ailments.

People over 40 know this from the example of age-related changes in the skin or a gradual decrease in vision sharpness.

But what prevents, if not preventing such symptoms, then at least slowing down the aging process, thereby prolonging life and delaying or postponing “age-related” diseases indefinitely?

Biopeptides are a real elixir of youth and longevity, which is available to everyone and can be taken as simply and easily as vitamins and other biological supplements.

Biopeptides - effect

When used in the complex therapy of senile diseases, biopeptides or short peptides, in addition to the targeted renewal of the organ affected by pathological changes, create the following effects:

breaking down into amino acids, in case of an exceeded dose, they form new peptides necessary for other organs;
stimulate self-healing processes of organs and systems;
increase immunity;
promote weight loss and decrease appetite, as they are structural units of the protein synthesis process;
reduce blood pressure by dissolving cholesterol plaques and improving vascular elasticity;
normalize all metabolic processes - both at the level of organs and tissues, and at the cellular level.

How to live long

The popular theory that 80% of the human body’s resource depends on hereditary factors has long been shattered by scientific research. The 21st century has become the first in which life expectancy is steadily increasing, especially in highly developed countries that have provided great opportunities for this.

What factors influence life expectancy?

Diagnosis of age-related diseases as early as possible.
Availability of effective therapeutic methods available to the population.
Nutritious and healthy nutrition.
High environmental safety indicators of residential areas.
Lack of stress caused by the uncertainty of life - lack of work, comfort and personal life, security of life.
Consumption of replacement elements necessary for the body.

Substitution elements

It is impossible to prevent old age, but it is quite possible to delay it. And this will be helped by substances, the synthesis of which in the body decreases with age, but which can be artificially “infused.” Such a brilliant idea was proposed back in the mid-twentieth century by research scientists in industries responsible for improving the quality of life and increasing its duration.

Add to your diet what the body needs and what it does not produce on its own.

What do they add?

hormones;
coenzymes;
peptides;
vitamins.

There are quite a few substances that are not produced by the body on its own, but are extremely necessary for the quality of metabolic processes. This includes vitamins.

But vitamins are compounds with large molecules and when they enter the esophagus they are used as catalyzers or, when broken down, form smaller substances - enzymes involved in cell metabolism.

Peptides are synthesized strictly by organic structures. They can be produced by synthesis outside the body, but their biological origin is organic. Peptides are extremely necessary. Their presence in cells stimulates the processes of renewal and restoration, without which cells become damaged, age, lack reproductive functions and are subject to slow death.

Meanwhile, by adding peptides to a regular diet, a person can extend the resources of his body.

Material and methods

The study included 498 people (498 eyes) with POAG. All patients were randomly divided into three groups, comparable by age, gender and general somatic status. Each group included approximately equal numbers of patients with initial (I), advanced (II) and advanced (III) stages of the disease (Table 1) . Retinalamine (manufactured in the Russian Federation) was used as a neuroprotective drug.

Table 1. Distribution of patients by stages of POAG
According to the developers of the drug, the mechanism of the neuroprotective effect of retinalamine is based on the regulation of intracellular protein synthesis in retinal cells, preservation of the pigment epithelium, activation of reparative processes and functional interaction of cells, correction of metabolism, prevention of oxidative stress and excitotoxicity; preventing cell death (apoptosis). Specific actions of retinalamine: stimulation of photoreceptors and cellular elements of the retina, improvement of the functional interaction of the pigment epithelium and outer segments of photoreceptors, acceleration of the restoration of light sensitivity of the retina, stimulation of reparative processes in the retina.

Recommended methods of administration: parabulbar (performed by an ophthalmologist), intramuscularly. The contents of the bottle (5 mg) are dissolved in 0.5-1 ml of water for injection, isotonic sodium chloride solution or 0.5% novocaine solution and administered daily for 10 days.

The criteria for inclusion of patients in the study were stable normalization of IOP levels achieved through medication or surgery, the absence of macular pathology, and refractive errors of no more than 3 diopters. The difference between the groups was only in the method of drug administration. The distribution of patients according to this criterion is presented in Table. 2 .
Table 2 Distribution of patients into groups depending on the method of drug administration.
The total dose of the drug per course was 50 mg. Before treatment, all patients underwent visometry with optimal correction of ametropia and tonometry (according to Maklakov, weight 10 g). The state of visual functions was assessed using computer perimetry data. Static perimetry was performed using a Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer II (HFA II) 750i (Germany). Depending on the initial visual acuity and the degree of visual impairment, a screening or threshold research program was used. When assessing the central visual field, all patients underwent correction of near visual acuity. Screening was carried out according to the FF-120 Screening program using a three-zone strategy. The threshold program for studying the visual field included the use of tests Central 30-2 when studying the central visual field (within 30° from the point of fixation of the gaze) and Peripheral 60-4 when assessing the peripheral visual field (from 30 to 60°). At the same time, we analyzed the threshold foveal photosensitivity, the sum of decibels (dB) of threshold values in each quadrant, across the entire field of view, the indicators of mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD), calculated automatically by the device taking into account its own database data. In addition, contrast sensitivity (on-off activity of the cone system) was studied. Parameters were monitored 3 and 6 months after the course of neuroprotective therapy. These terms were the most informative for assessing the results and their sustainability.

The future of peptides

The excellent ability of short peptides to penetrate cell walls, due to their extremely small size, has made them particularly effective in a number of medical fields. But cosmetologists were the first to notice their valuable qualities and rapid inclusion in rejuvenation processes. A number of modern treatments use peptides in skin care. Unlike all known procedures, peptide procedures do not just improve the condition of the skin, they restore its youth by launching self-renewal mechanisms.

It is important to understand that the use of peptides in cosmetics and procedures is not enough and not as necessary as using them to renew the body as a whole. After all, you cannot look young if you have sick and aging internal systems. No matter how beautiful the face looks, the gait, manners, posture and general condition will reveal an old man in a person.

Scientists have proven that the most effective peptide effect on the body is oral therapy. This means that after the age of forty, a person simply needs complex peptide bioregulation to maintain himself in good shape.

Peptides

What are peptides?

Peptides are short chains of amino acids that are building materials for the human body. Peptides trigger gene expression and also give the body an accentuated signal to restore a specific organ.
Peptides are chains containing from two to one hundred amino acids. These amino acids have not yet reached the same size as protein, which is much larger in composition. Peptides can be short (up to 10 amino acids) or long (more than 10). They carry both construction and signaling functions. They can be integrated into the functioning of organs, or they can trigger gene expression and give instructions to intracellular DNA so that it synthesizes this or that protein.

Our genes are the recipe for all the proteins in the body; they are assembled inside the cell by reading information from the cell’s RNA.

How do peptides work?

Peptides , when entering the body, give a signal that it is necessary to begin the process of restoration of a particular organ. For example, vascular peptides , if given to a patient in tablet form, will enter the bloodstream and provide signal information for the body to restore the vascular wall. In the same way, peptides activate the restoration of certain organs.

Khavinson peptides

What is special about Khavinson peptides and why are they the most popular?

Khavinson was the first to analyze peptide preparations for specific organs and systems, after which he launched the production of peptides using his patented technology. The peculiarity of Khavinson peptides is that they are short and consist of two to five amino acids. But at the same time they do not affect the function of the organ, i.e. not on a separate biochemical part, but affect the entire organ and its structure.

Peptide complexes

What is it and what is it for?

Peptide complexes affect various groups of organs in the body. They were developed because most often it is not just one organ that hurts, but there is damage to a number of organs (stomach, pancreas, gall bladder). There is multiple organ damage, so peptide complexes include several drugs at the same time in order to recover faster. Let's talk in more detail about what they are:

Vascular peptides

Vascular peptides restore vascular endothelium. They are used for circulatory disorders, for inflammatory vascular diseases, including can be used in rehabilitation after coronavirus infection and for diabetic polyneuropathy. Their task is to restore the vessel wall. They can also be prescribed for difficult-to-heal wounds of the extremities, during postoperative processes. Can be used to strengthen blood vessels in the post-infarction and post-stroke period.

Pineal Peptides

The peculiarity of the pineal gland is that it synthesizes melatonin. Melatonin is the father of all neurohormones; without melatonin, everything else in the body is poorly synthesized. Therefore, by increasing the synthesis of melatonin, we can achieve a good anti-aging effect. This is the only peptide that has been studied in gerontological terms. Based on Khavinson's research, systemic repair of the pineal gland can prolong a person's life by about 35%.

Thymus peptides

The thymus is the thymus gland, i.e. immune organ. In the modern health paradigm, it ranks second after the intestines. By restoring the functions of the thymus with the help of peptide drugs , we increase the immune status of a person. For secondary immunodeficiencies, this will be a very effective drug that has no analogues. Natural immune stimulation helps for people who are often sick.

Peptides for men and women.

With the help of peptide drugs you can directly influence male libido. Peptide therapy increases testosterone synthesis and improves potency and desire. Most often, Khavinson peptide complexes are used for these purposes. In some cases, synthetic American drugs are used for intravenous injections and invasive administration.

There are also peptides for women , which are aimed at normalizing all functions of the reproductive system, they normalize the cycle, increase libido and fertility. There are peptides that can be used during menopause to help you recover faster after menopause.

Peptide therapy at the Medintercom clinic

Peptide therapy can be administered in several ways: intravenous injections, infusion therapy and oral administration. At the Medintercom clinic we use all options, depending on the needs and condition of the patient.

For IV drips , we use synthetic peptides, since they are sterile and start working faster (turn on faster), unlike organic ones, but they have a shorter period of action.

Organic peptides (tablets) are more “dirty”, which is why they cannot be injected into IVs. They take longer to turn on, but have a longer period of action.

Therefore, it is better to start therapy with synthetic peptides, and only after that undergo therapy in tablet form. You can also combine droppers with peptides and oral administration to achieve the best effect.

peptide therapy program is selected individually and based on the patient’s requests and general medical history.

Indications and contraindications

There are no contraindications, only allergies to substances (cellulose, lactose). There can be no overdose. Any excess you gain will be broken down into amino acids by your body and used to build another protein.

Are peptides addictive?

Not addictive. Peptides are proteins and are completely natural.

Are peptides hormones?

Khavinson's peptides are not hormones. American long-chain peptides are also not full-fledged hormones. They may be a fragment of growth hormone. They may speed up fat metabolism, but they won't speed up bone growth.

Are peptides doping?

Yes, they are doping. Some peptides are officially prohibited for use in professional athletes. Many international peptides are prohibited. Khavinson's peptides are not doping.

What can you combine peptides with?

The course of peptide therapy is prescribed by the chief physician of the Medintercom clinic, Gleb Gennadievich Kuzminov, during a consultation. During the initial appointment, the doctor will collect an anamnesis and conduct an examination, and, based on the patient’s anamnesis and tests, recommend a specific treatment and diet plan. Depending on the general condition of the patient, peptides can be used in parallel with courses of hydrogen therapy, infusion therapy and MDM therapy . They are added to some IVs and are easily combined with vitamins. The more comprehensive the approach, the faster we will achieve clinical results.

Regulatory peptides - a therapeutic approach

What are peptides and how to take them? Taking care of your skin without quality nutrition and necessary physical activity is ineffective. A culture of caring about one’s health and the availability of resources in the body for constant renewal is part of beauty, and the most important one.

An excellent means of preventing aging for men and women are peptide complexes created by specialists at TD Peptide Bio. They include several peptide bioregulators, which are essential for maintaining rejuvenation processes.

It is necessary to take such complexes two or three times a year, and it is best to do this already on the threshold of the forty-year mark. We draw the attention of our patients to the fact that the complexes will not relieve you of chronic diseases that require serious drug therapy, as they are a preventative measure. However, when used in combination with basic medications, they will significantly improve the body’s vital signs and allow tissue renewal processes to begin.

You can take such complexes-sets (“Beauty and Youth” for women and “Strength and Health” for men) both simultaneously with prescribed drug therapy, and during periods of remission and rehabilitation after crises. The interaction with all drugs is excellent - after all, peptides, in comparison with other drugs and dietary supplements, act at the cellular level, and not at the organ level.

Peptides do not cure and this is important to understand. As a rule, to obtain a serious effect from their use, it is necessary to take several courses, or take them in very large doses, about which you should consult with specialists.

However, patients who are regular consumers of peptide bioregulators note their high effectiveness both in the prevention and in the complex treatment of diseases of various etiologies.

Dalargin

(Dalargin, Tageflar, CAS 81733-79-1) is a synthetic regulatory hexapeptide of the formula Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg (YAGFLR), which is registered as a medicine in Russia (P N001319/01-231209); pharmacotherapeutic group – drugs for the treatment of peptic ulcers. Dalargin is interesting in that it is an analogue of two natural enkephalins - methionine-enkephalin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-COOH = YGGFM) and leucine-enkephalin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu = YGGFL), in which the glycine residue in the second position is replaced by D-alanine, and the C-terminal amino acid is replaced by arginine, which is reflected in the name of the drug (Dalargin from D-Ala, Arg). The introduction of D-amino acids is a well-known approach aimed at increasing biological activity and increasing the resistance of peptide molecules to degradation in biological environments [1]. The replacement of the C-terminal part of the structure with a highly polar arginine was carried out to obtain a peripheral effect and hinder the penetration of the peptide through GERD [19].

Dalargin (10 mg)

The therapeutic effect of Dalargin, an agonist of delta-opioid receptors, is due to its affinity for enkephalins. Due to this, these peptides are characterized by the presence of an analgesic effect, which, due to their low stability to proteolysis, is observed only when directly introduced into the brain, and reduce the motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract. Endogenous ligands for opioid receptors were identified in 1974, which greatly stimulated the study of neuropeptides and their analogues. In the 1980s, the production and initial testing of Dalargin were first carried out in the laboratory of peptide synthesis of the All-Russian Scientific Research Center of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences under the guidance of prof. M.I. Titova [19]. Thus, the history of the drug Dalargin goes back more than 35 years.

Dalargin promotes the healing of duodenal and gastric ulcers, suppresses the increase in foci of necrosis, moderately reduces the secretion and acidity of gastric juice, as well as hyperenzymemia. The drug exhibits a weak hypotensive effect. Dalargin is prescribed for exacerbations of duodenal and gastric ulcers, pancreatic necrosis and pancreatitis [21].

In addition, in studies of the immunological status of laboratory animals, as a result of activation of the body's opioid systems using the method of transcranial electrical stimulation and the administration of Dalargin, the modulating effect of opioid peptides on the immune system of animals was shown: B- and T-lymphocytes, phagocytic activity of lymphocytes, phagocytic index , bactericidal and lysozyme activity of blood serum [22]. Since opioid peptides are rapidly degraded by endopeptidases, the authors suggest that Dalargin acts as a trigger, activating the body's defense mechanisms. The results obtained by the researchers confirm the assumption of the immunomodulatory properties of endopioid peptide analogues.

Dalargin may promote a synergistic effect when administered in combination with certain peptides. It was found that intraperitoneal injections of Gly-His-Lys, dalargin and thymogen (0.5, 1.2 and 0.5 μg/kg, respectively) over a ten-day experiment into rats with bone fractures led to a decrease in the blood concentration of malondialdehyde , as well as increased catalase activity and increased reparative activity. The combination of peptides was more potent than any of the peptides tested administered alone. The synergistic effect of peptides was proposed by the authors to stimulate reparative osteogenesis [23]. Dalargin was tested in a rat model of wound healing as a means to accelerate damage repair. Three days after wounding, an increase in granulation was observed at dalargin concentrations of 10 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml (oral administration). Improvements were observed already at a dalargin concentration of 5 μg/ml. This confirmed the stimulating effect on wound healing [24].

It was recently reported that Dalargin, due to its wound-healing and immunostimulating properties, can be used in the treatment of coronavirus infection COVID-19 , namely, the treatment of severe pneumonia accompanied by respiratory failure [25]. As a result of preliminary tests on an animal model of total alveolitis and interstitial pulmonary edema, it was shown that the use of Dalargin reduced the release of cytokines by 4 times (preventing a dangerous, potentially lethal reaction of the immune system, the so-called “cytokine storm”) and significantly increased it to 70–100 % survival of animals with acute respiratory distress syndrome versus 100% mortality in the control group in 72 hours. It is indicated that various schemes for the administration of Dalargin were used, but the details of the experiment were not disclosed.

As a result of studying the amino acid composition of various cytomedins (Greek κύτος - cell + Lat. medium - intermediary)) of the pineal and thymus glands, a series of biologically active short peptides was obtained: vilon (Lys-Glu), thymogen and epithalon [26]. It turned out that such small synthetic molecules demonstrate even greater pharmacological activity at lower concentrations than their natural predecessors, and are characterized by tissue specificity, but do not show immunogenicity and species specificity [27].

Release form

TD Peptide Bio preparations are produced in cardboard boxes of 60 capsules. The standard package contains four blisters. For preventive use, one package is enough. However, many general practitioners consider such doses to be too small and unlikely to have a visible effect. Therefore, as a rule, the course of administration is indicated for a longer period and includes increased doses.

This must be taken into account by everyone who expects a miracle from peptide bioregulation.

Miracle is life. And peptides are parts of its biological form. In fact, these are the elements from which cells are formed. By supplying peptides to the body, a person helps his body recover, using ready-made forms and without wasting effort on their synthesis, which is complicated by age-related changes.

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